Original research
Dr Gary Abel, Dr Sarah Jackson, Carmen Glover, Dr Francesca Pesola, Deb Smith, Dr Kirsty Challen, Professor Jamie Brown, Professor Paul McCrone). We thank all the participants for taking part. The e-cigarette and pods were DotPro produced by Liberty Flight and were purchased at wholesale price. Liberty Flight had no role in the study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation or writing of this report. Contributors IP and CN conceived the original idea for the trial and obtained funding. IP is the guarantor for the study. EW, PB, CN and IP designed the intervention. EW and PB undertook PPI work to determine the optimal device to use. IP, SA, BMB, AAB, AJG and MGM were principal investigators for each of the participating centres. TC, LB, RH and SG provided advice on methodology and implementation. LVC acted as trial manager. AC and SS designed the statistical method, wrote the statistical analysis plan and independently undertook the statistical analysis. SP and JL wrote the health economic evaluation plan and undertook the economic analysis. JLB undertook the literature search. All authors made a substantial contribution to drafting or revising the article and gave final approval of the version to be published. Funding This study is funded by the NIHR (Health Technology Assessment (NIHR129438)). The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. The funder had no role in considering the study design or in the collection, analysis, interpretation of data, writing of the report, or decision to submit the article for publication. Competing interests None declared. Patient and public involvement Patients and/or the public were involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this research. Refer to the Methods section for further details. Patient consent for publication Not applicable. Ethics approval The study was approved by the UK National Research Ethics Committee – Oxford B (reference 21/SC/0288). Participants gave informed consent to participate in the study before taking part. Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed. Data availability statement Data are available upon reasonable request. The protocol, consent form, statistical analysis plan, medical ethics committee approvals, training materials and other relevant study materials are available online at https:// osf.io/8hbne/. Deidentified participant data will be made publicly available within 3 months at the above address. Supplemental material This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise. Open access This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to copy, redistribute, remix, transform and build upon this work for any purpose, provided the original work is properly cited, a link to the licence is given, and indication of whether changes were made. See: https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/. ORCID iDs
Sanjay Agrawal http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7873-0300 Benjamin Michael Bloom http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3016-4925 Adrian A Boyle http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9009-5423 Jonathan Livingstone-Banks http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3757-5591 Caitlin Notley http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0876-3304
REFERENCES 1 World Health Organization. Tobacco. Available: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact- sheets/detail/tobacco [Accessed 27 Feb 2023]. 2 Office for National Statistics. Adult smoking habits in the UK. Available: https://www. ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/healthandlifeexpecta ncies/bulletins/adultsmokinghabitsingreatbritain/2022 [Accessed 9 Sep 2023]. 3 Action on Smoking and Health (ASH). Health inequalities and smoking. 2019. Available: https://ash.org.uk/uploads/ASH-Briefing_Health-Inequalities.pdf [Accessed 5 Jun 2023]. 4 Mullen KA, Manuel DG, Hawken SJ, et al . Effectiveness of a hospital-initiated smoking cessation programme: 2-year health and healthcare outcomes. Tob Control 2017;26:293–9. 5 Lowenstein SR, Tomlinson D, Koziol-McLain J, et al . Smoking habits of emergency department patients: an opportunity for disease prevention. Acad Emerg Med 1995;2:165–71. 6 NHS Digital. Hospital accident and emergency activity 2018-19. Available: https://files. digital.nhs.uk/F5/ACF07A/AE1819_Annual_Summary.pdf [Accessed 5 Aug 2022]. 7 Lemhoefer C, Rabe GL, Wellmann J, et al . Emergency department–initiated tobacco control: update of a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Prev Chronic Dis 2017;14:E89. 8 Hartmann-Boyce J, Lindson N, Butler AR, et al . Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022;11. 9 Notley C, Clark L, Belderson P, et al . Cessation of smoking trial in the emergency department (CoSTED): protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2023;13:e064585. 10 Notley C, Pope I, et al . The Costed trial: cessation of smoking trial in the emergency Department. 2022 Available: https://osf.io/8hbne/ 11 Michie S, van Stralen MM, West R. The behaviour change wheel: a new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions. Implement Sci 2011;6:42. 12 Hoffmann TC, Glasziou PP, Boutron I, et al . Better reporting of interventions: template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide. BMJ 2014;348. 13 West R, Hajek P, Stead L, et al . Outcome criteria in smoking cessation trials: proposal for a common standard. Addiction 2005;100:299–303. 14 Ferguson J, Bauld L, Chesterman J, et al . The English smoking treatment services: one- year outcomes. Addiction 2005;100 Suppl 2:59–69. 15 Heatherton TF, Kozlowski LT, Frecker RC, et al . The Fagerström test for nicotine dependence: a revision of the Fagerström tolerance questionnaire. Br J Addict 1991;86:1119–27. 16 Crittenden KS, Manfredi C, Lacey L, et al . Measuring readiness and motivation to quit smoking among women in public health clinics. Addict Behav 1994;19:497–507. 17 Eq-5D-5L. 2020. Available: https://euroqol.org/eq-5d-instruments/eq-5d-5l-about/ 18 Bernstein SL, D’Onofrio G, Rosner J, et al . Successful tobacco dependence treatment in low-income emergency department patients: a randomized trial. Ann Emerg Med 2015;66:140–7. 19 Hennrikus D, Joseph AM, Lando HA, et al . Effectiveness of a smoking cessation program for peripheral artery disease patients: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:2105–12. 20 Pieterse ME, Seydel ER, DeVries H, et al . Effectiveness of a minimal contact smoking cessation program for Dutch general practitioners: a randomized controlled trial. Prev Med 2001;32:182–90. 21 McFall M, Saxon AJ, Malte CA, et al . Integrating tobacco cessation into mental health care for Posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2010;304:2485–93. 22 Lindson N, Theodoulou A, Ordóñez-Mena JM, et al . Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐ analyses. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023;9. 23 Barnes SA, Larsen MD, Schroeder D, et al . Missing data assumptions and methods in a smoking cessation study. Addiction 2010;105:431–7.
Ian Pope http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5623-4178 Lucy V Clark http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7162-0512 Allan Clark http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2965-8941 Emma Ward http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7579-3215 Pippa Belderson http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2065-6878 Steve Parrott http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0165-1150 Jinshuo Li http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1496-7450 Tim Coats http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2736-2784 Linda Bauld http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7411-4260 Richard Holland http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4663-6923 Sarah Gentry http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0805-0200
Pope I, et al . Emerg Med J 2024; 41 :276–282. doi:10.1136/emermed-2023-213824
282
Powered by FlippingBook