The BMJ Commission on the Future of the NHS

ANALYSIS

19 Donkin A, Marmot M. Left out in the cold: the hidden impact of cold homes . 2024. https://www.instituteofhealthequity.org/resources-reports/left-out-in-the-cold-the-hidden-impact- of-cold-homes 20 Goldblatt P. Health inequalities, lives cut short . 2024. https://www.instituteofhealthequity.org/re- sources-reports/health-inequalities-lives-cut-short/read-the-report.pdf 21 Dorling D. Why are old people in Britain dying before their time? New Statesman Feb2014. https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2014/02/why-are-old-people-britain-dying-their-time 22 Goldring S, Henretty N, Mills J, Johnson K, Smallwood S. Mortality of the ‘ Golden Generation ’ : what can the ONS longitudinal study tell us? Popul Trends 2011;145:-228. doi: 10.1057/pt.2011.24 pmid: 21987020 23 Hiam L, Dorling D. The rise and fall of Britain ’ s golden cohort: how the remarkable generation of 1925-1934 had their lives cut short by austerity. Rev Soc Econ 2023. 24 Walsh D, McCartney G, Minton J, Parkinson J, Shipton D, Whyte B. Deaths from ‘ diseases of despair ’ in Britain: comparing suicide, alcohol-related and drug-related mortality for birth cohorts in Scotland, England and Wales, and selected cities. J Epidemiol Community Health 2021;75:-201. doi: 10.1136/jech-2020-216220 pmid: 34045325 25 McCartney G, Walsh D, Fenton L, Devine R. Resetting the course for population health: evidence and recommendations to address stalled mortality improvements in Scotland and the rest of theUK . 2022. https://www.gcph.co.uk/assets/0000/8723/Stalled_Mortality_report_FI- NAL_WEB.pdf. 26 Allik M, Brown D, Dundas R, Leyland AH. Deaths of despair: cause-specific mortality and socioeconomic inequalities in cause-specific mortality among young men in Scotland. Int J Equity Health 2020;19:. doi: 10.1186/s12939-020-01329-7 pmid: 33276793 27 Walsh D, McCartney G, Minton J, Parkinson J, Shipton D, Whyte B. Deaths from ‘ diseases of despair ’ in Britain: comparing suicide, alcohol-related and drug-related mortality for birth cohorts in Scotland, England and Wales, and selected cities. J Epidemiol Community Health 2021;75:-201. doi: 10.1136/jech-2020-216220 pmid: 34045325 28 Department of Health. Life expectancy in Northern Ireland 2020-22. 2023. https://www.health- ni.gov.uk/news/life-expectancy-northern-ireland-2020-22. 29 Iacobucci G. Child health: Experts condemn “ appalling decline ” inUK. BMJ 2024;384:. doi: 10.1136/bmj.q313 pmid: 38320772 30 Academy of Medical Sciences. Prioritising Early Childhood to Promote the Nation ’ sHealth, Wellbeing and Prosperity . 2024. https://acmedsci.ac.uk/file-download/16927511 31 National Child Mortality Database. Child death data release 2023. 2023. https://www.ncmd.in- fo/publications/child-death-data-2023/. 32 Sands and Tommy ’ s Policy Unit. Saving Babies ’ Lives 2023: A report on progress. 2023. https://www.sands.org.uk/sites/default/files/JPU_Saving_Babies_Lives_Report_2023.pdf 33 British children shorter than other five-year-olds in Europe. ITVNews 21 Jun 2023. https://www.itv.com/news/2023-06-21/british-children-shorter-than-other-five-year-olds-in-europe 34 McCartney G, McMaster R, Popham F, Dundas R, Walsh D. Is austerity a cause of slower improvements in mortality in high-income countries? A panel analysis. SocSciMed 2022;313:115397. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115397 pmid: 36194952 35 Darlington-Pollock F, Green MA, Simpson L. Why were there 231 707 more deaths than expected in England between 2010 and 2018? An ecological analysis of mortality records. J Public Health (Oxf) 2022;44:-8. doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdab023 pmid: 33765120 36 Taylor-Robinson D, Lai ETC, Wickham S, etal. Assessing the impact of rising child poverty on the unprecedented rise in infant mortality in England, 2000-2017: time trend analysis. BMJ Open 2019;9:e029424. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029424 pmid: 31578197 37 Hiam L, Dorling D. The UK government has failed to act on extreme poverty. BMJ 2023;383:. doi: 10.1136/bmj.p2638 pmid: 37963630 38 Booth R, Butler P. UK austerity has inflicted ‘ great misery ’ on citizens, UN says. Guardian 16Nov 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/nov/16/uk-austerity-has-inflicted-great-misery- on-citizens-un-says 39 BoothRUK. ‘ in violation of international law ’ over poverty levels, says UN envoy. Guardian 5Nov 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2023/nov/05/uk-poverty-levels-simply-not-accept- able-says-un-envoy-olivier-de-schutter 40 Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Guarantee our essentials: reforming Universal Credit to ensure we can all afford the essentials in hard times. 2023. https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/guarantee-our- essentials 41 Marmot M. [@MichaelMarmot]. Creating the conditions for ill health by denying minimum income for a healthy life. It is government policy that people who need benefits, Universal Credit, will have only 70% of the money they need to live healthily. Twitter, 27 Feb 2023. https://twit- ter.com/MichaelMarmot/status/1630177367137058817 42 Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Closing the gap in a generation : health equity through action on the social determinants of health : final report of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health . (2008). https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/43943 43 Marmot M, Goldblatt P, Allen J. Fair society healthy lives (The Marmot Review) . 2008. https://www.instituteofhealthequity.org/resources-reports/fair-society-healthy-lives-the-marmot- review. 44 Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Deep poverty and destitution. 2024. https://www.jrf.org.uk/deep- poverty-and-destitution 45 Francis-Devine B, Danechi S, Malik X, Zayed Y. Food poverty: Households, food banks and free school meals. 2023. https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-9209/

46 Jenkins RH, Aliabadi S, Vamos EP, etal. The relationship between austerity and food insecurity in the UK: A systematic review. EClinicalMedicine 2021;33:100781. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100781 pmid: 33842868 47 Butler P. Number of UK children in food poverty nearly doubles in a year to 4m. Food poverty. Guardian 1 Mar 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2023/mar/01/number-of-uk-children- in-food-poverty-nearly-doubles-in-a-year-to-4m 48 Trussell Trust UK. End of year stats. 2023. https://www.trusselltrust.org/news-and-blog/latest- stats/end-year-stats/ 49 Lancet. Commercial determinants of health. 2023. https://www.thelancet.com/series/commercial- determinants-health 50 Marmot M, Alexander M, Allen J, Munro A. The business of health equity: the Marmot review for industry . 2022. https://www.instituteofhealthequity.org/resources-reports/the-business-of-health- equity-the-marmot-review-for-industry 51 Ashton JR, Middleton J, Lang T170 signatories. Open letter to Prime Minister David Cameron on food poverty in the UK. Lancet 2014;383:. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60536-5 pmid: 24794817 52 Dorling D. Shattered nation: inequality and the geography of a failing state. Verso Books, 2023. 53 Action for Children. Where is child poverty increasing in the UK? 2023. https://www.actionforchil- dren.org.uk/blog/where-is-child-poverty-increasing-in-the-uk/ 54 End Child Poverty Coalition. Child poverty statistics. 2022. https://endchildpoverty.org.uk/child- poverty/ 55 Scottish Government. Scottish child payment. 2022. https://www.mygov.scot/scottish-child- payment 56 Lewis R, Glyn Jones T. Child poverty: could Wales cut rates by copying Scotland? BBC News 29 Oct 2023. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-67238317# 57 Institute for Fiscal Studies. Spring Budget 2024: IFS analysis. 2024. https://ifs.org.uk/events/spring- budget-2024-ifs-analysis 58 Hiam L, Marmot M. Is Britain sicker than a decade ago? 2024. https://www.prospect- magazine.co.uk/politics/policy/health/64510/is-britain-sicker-than-a-decade-ago 59 Greer SL, Falkenbach M, Siciliani L, McKee M, Wismar M, Figueras J. From health in all policies

to health for all policies. Lancet Public Health 2022;7:-20. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(22)00155-4 pmid: 35907422

60 Black SD. Inequalities in health: the Black report. 1982. https://repository.library.george- town.edu/handle/10822/792483 61 Summers D. David Cameron warns of ‘ new age of austerity ’ . Guardian 26 Apr 2009. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/apr/26/david-cameron-conservative-economic- policy1 62 Bambra C, Lynch J, Smith KE. The unequal pandemic: covid-19 and health inequalities. Policy Press, 2021. 63 McKee M, Hiam L, Dorling D. Weakened by a decade of austerity: why the UK ’ s covid-19 inquiry is right to look at policies since 2010. BMJ 2023;381:. doi: 10.1136/bmj.p1288 pmid: 37279988 64 Build back fairer: the covid-19 Marmot review. Health Foundation, 2020. https://www.health.org.uk/publications/build-back-fairer-the-covid-19-marmot-review. 65 Marmot M. Build back fairer: social determinants, ethnicity and health. NHS Race and Health Observatory, 2022. https://www.nhsrho.org/news/build-back-fairer-social-determinants-ethnicity- and-health/ 66 Dean E. Marmot Places: the areas taking a proactive local approach to health inequalities. BMJ 2024;384:. doi: 10.1136/bmj.q654 pmid: 38531604 67 MunroA. Coventry Marmot city evaluation 2020 . 2020. https://www.instituteofhealthequity.org/re- sources-reports/coventry-marmot-city-evaluation-2020 68 Marmot M, Allen J, Boyce T, Goldblatt P, Morrison J. Build Back Fairer in Greater Manchester: Health Equity and Dignified Lives . 2021. https://www.instituteofhealthequity.org/resources-re- ports/build-back-fairer-in-greater-manchester-health-equity-and-dignified-lives 69 Patel P, Beale S, Nguyen V, etal. Inequalities in access to paid sick leave among workers in England and Wales. Int J Health Plann Manage 2023;38:-76. doi: 10.1002/hpm.3697 pmid: 37549127 70 Glantz SA, Nguyen N, Oliveira da Silva AL. Population-based disease odds for e-cigarettes and dual use versus cigarettes. NEJMEvid 2024;3:a2300229. doi: 10.1056/EVIDoa2300229 pmid: 38411454 71 McCullough F. Is Northern Ireland a failed state. The Fitzwilliam 11 Dec 2023. https://www.the- fitzwilliam.com/p/is-northern-ireland-a-failed-state 72 Monbiot G. Britain is becoming a toxic chemical dumping ground – yet another benefit of Brexit. Guardian 18 Mar 2024. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2024/mar/18/britain-toxic- chemical-dump-brexit-europe 73 Health Foundation. Investing in public health grant. 2024. https://www.health.org.uk/news-and- comment/charts-and-infographics/public-health-grant-what-it-is-and-why-greater-investment- is-needed 74 Rolewicz L, Palmer B, Lobont C. The NHS workforce in numbers. Nuffield Trust 2024. https://www.nuffieldtrust.org.uk/resource/the-nhs-workforce-in-numbers 75 NHS England. Co-production. 2024. https://www.england.nhs.uk/always-events/co-production/ 76 Sowemimo A. Without a care: racial capitalism is at the heart of the National Health Service. Healthc Pap 2023;21:-42. doi: 10.12927/hcpap.2023.27193 pmid: 37887168 77 The NHS as an anchor institution. https://www.health.org.uk/news-and-comment/charts-and- infographics/the-nhs-as-an-anchor-institution.

the bmj | BMJ 2024;385:e079389 | doi: 10.1136/bmj-2024-079389

8

39

Powered by