Lupus Science & Medicine
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Author affiliations 1 Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Padova University School of Medicine, Padova, Italy 2 Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 3 Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 4 Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy 5 BioPharmaceuticals Medical, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden 6 BioPharmaceuticals Medical, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the patients who participated in the TULIP studies as well as their families, clinicians and study investigators. Medical writing support was provided by Joann Hettasch, PhD, and Katey Glunt, PhD, of JK Associates, Inc., part of Avalere Health, and was funded by AstraZeneca. Contributors AD, RFvV, EFM, MM, JN, MW, JK, CL and DK (all authors): conceptualisation and writing—reviewing and editing. CL and DK: investigation design and methodology, resource provision and supervision. JN and JK: data acquisition and analysis. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript. CL acts as the guarantor. MW and DK: affiliation at the time of the study. Funding The TULIP studies and this post hoc analysis were funded by AstraZeneca. Competing interests AD has received consulting feeds from AstraZeneca, GSK and Otsuka; has received honoraria for lectures, presentations, speaker bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from AstraZeneca and GSK; and has participated on a Data Safety Monitoring or Advisory Board for Otsuka. RFvV has received grants or contracts from Alfa Sigma, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cabaletta, Galapagos, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Remegen, Roche, Sanofi and UCB and has received consulting fees and payment/honoraria for lectures/presentations/ speakers’ bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cabaletta, Galapagos, GSK, Janssen, Kyowa Kirin, Pfizer, Remegen, Sanofi and UCB. EFM has received consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Galapagos, Gilead, Genentech- Hoffman La Roche, GSK, Merck Serono, Novartis, Priovant, IgM, Janssen, Quell, Remegen, Takeda and Zenas; has received honoraria and travel support for lectures/symposia from AstraZeneca, Merck Serono and Novartis; has five patents pending that relate to the use of anifrolumab and antigen-specific TCR expressing regulatory T-cells in the treatment of SLE; owns stock/stock options in and is a Scientific Advisor Board member for Dragonfly Tx; and works at an institution that has received research funding from AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Merck Serono, Genentech-Hoffman La Roche, GSK, Janssen, Novartis, Takeda and Union Chimique Belge. He also has a leadership role in Rare Voices Australia and is an appointed board director for Exosome Biosciences Pty Ltd. MM has received consulting fees from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, GSK, Milteny, Novartis, Roche, UCB and Zenas; has received honoraria for lectures/presentations/speakers’ bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Alfa Sigma, AstraZeneca, GSK, Lilly and UCB; has participated on a data safety monitoring or advisory board for Idorsia and Milteny; is an EMA liaison officer for EULAR; and is a European Reference Network ReCONNET coordinator. JN owns stock in and is an employee of AstraZeneca. MW is a former employee of AstraZeneca. JK owns stock in and is an employee of AstraZeneca. CL owns stock in and is an employee of AstraZeneca. DK owns stock in and is a former employee of AstraZeneca. Patient and public involvement Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, conduct, reporting or dissemination plans of this research. Patient consent for publication Not applicable. Ethics approval This study involved human participants. This is not applicable to this submission as it includes a post hoc analysis of data from two clinical trials, the primary results of which have already been published. All required legal documentation was reviewed and approved by the respective Institutional Review Boards/Independent Ethics Committees and Competent Authorities according to national and international regulations for study sites included in the original trials. Participants gave informed consent to participate in the study before taking part. Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer-reviewed. Data availability statement Data may be obtained from a third party and are not publicly available. Data underlying the findings described in this manuscript may be obtained in accordance with AstraZeneca’s data sharing policy described at https://astrazenecagrouptrials.pharmacm.com/ST/Submission/Disclosure. Reuse is permitted only with permission from AstraZeneca.
ORCID iDs Andrea Doria https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0548-4983 Ronald F van Vollenhoven https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6438-8663 Eric F Morand https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9507-3338
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Doria A, et al . Lupus Science & Medicine 2026; 13 :e001891. doi:10.1136/lupus-2025-001891
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