EULAR 2026 Editors' Top Picks

Open access

95 Chmieli ń ska M, Felis-Giemza A, Olesi ń ska M, et al . The failure of biological treatment in axial spondyloarthritis is linked to the factors related to increased intestinal permeability and dysbiosis: prospective observational cohort study. Rheumatol Int 2024;44:1487–99. 96 Qin P, Kragsnaes MS, Holm DK, et al . n.d. Clinical Significance of Gut Microbiota Community Types for Long‐Term Response to Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Patients With Psoriatic Arthritis. Arthritis & Rheumatology . 97 Maier L, Goemans CV, Wirbel J, et al . Unravelling the collateral damage of antibiotics on gut bacteria. Nature New Biol 2021;599:120–4. 98 Kragsnaes MS, Risbo N, Pedersen JK, et al . Antibiotics in inflammatory arthritis and background population one year before and after diagnosis: a nationwide drug utilization study. Rheumatology (Oxford ) 2025;64:1705–14. 99 Armstrong D, Dregan A, Ashworth M, et al . Influence of prior antibiotic use on risk of rheumatoid arthritis: case control study in general practice. Rheumatology (Oxford ) 2020;59:1281–7. 100 Mukherjee A, Jantsch V, Khan R, et al . Rheumatoid Arthritis-Associated Autoimmunity Due to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Its Resolution With Antibiotic Therapy. Front Immunol 2018;9:2352. 101 Rosman Y, Lidar M, Shoenfeld Y. Antibiotic therapy in autoimmune disorders. Clin Pract (Lond ) 2014;11:91–103. 102 Jansen VLBI, van Mourik DJM, Davids M, et al . An Intestinal Microbiome Intervention Affects Biochemical Disease Activity in Patients with Antiphospholipid Syndrome. TH Open 2024;08:e308–16. 103 Lage-Hansen PR, Svendsen N, Kirkham J, et al . Exploring the effect on primary endpoints in trials testing targeted therapy interventions for rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-epidemiological study on the appropriate use of a core outcome set. Ann Rheum Dis 2024;83:1288–94.

85 Fusco W, Lorenzo MB, Cintoni M, et al . Short-Chain Fatty-­ Acid-Producing Bacteria: Key Components of the Human Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2023;15:2211. 86 Audo R, Sanchez P, Rivière B, et al . Rheumatoid arthritis is associated with increased gut permeability and bacterial translocation which are reversed by inflammation control. Rheumatology (Oxford ) 2022.:keac454. 87 Hecquet S, Totoson P, Martin H, et al . Intestinal permeability in spondyloarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review of the literature. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2021;51:712–8. 88 Kragsnaes MS, Miguens Blanco J, Mullish BH, et al . Small Intestinal Permeability and Metabolomic Profiles in Feces and Plasma Associate With Clinical Response in Patients With Active Psoriatic Arthritis Participating in a Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Trial: Exploratory Findings From the FLORA Trial. ACR Open Rheumatol 2023;5:583–93. 89 Gudi R, Kamen D, Vasu C. Fecal immunoglobulin A (IgA) and its subclasses in systemic lupus erythematosus patients are nuclear antigen reactive and this feature correlates with gut permeability marker levels. Clin Immunol 2022;242:109107. 90 Balmant BD, Fonseca DC, Prudêncio APA, et al . Megamonas funiformis, Plasma Zonulin, and Sodium Intake Affect C3 Complement Levels in Inactive Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Nutrients 2023;15:1999. 91 Azzouz D, Omarbekova A, Heguy A, et al . Lupus nephritis is linked to disease-activity associated expansions and immunity to a gut commensal. Ann Rheum Dis 2019;78:947–56. 92 Nayak RR, Orellana DA. The impact of the human gut microbiome on the treatment of autoimmune disease. Immunol Rev 2024;325:107–30. 93 Lima SF, Pires S, Rupert A, et al . The gut microbiome regulates the clinical efficacy of sulfasalazine therapy for IBD-associated spondyloarthritis. Cell Rep Med 2024;5:101431. 94 Artacho A, Isaac S, Nayak R, et al . The Pretreatment Gut Microbiome Is Associated With Lack of Response to Methotrexate in New‐Onset Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis & Rheumatology 2021;73:931–42.

12

Kragsnaes MS, et al . BMJ Open 2025; 15 :e101593. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-101593

Powered by